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The Risk of Diabetes on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Seung Min Chung, Yin Young Lee, Eunyeong Ha, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee, Jian Hur, Kyung Soo Hong, Jong Geol Jang, Hyun Jung Jin, Eun Young Choi, Kyeong-Cheol Shin, Jin Hong Chung, Kwan Ho Lee, June Hong Ahn, Jun Sung Moon
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):405-413.   Published online May 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0105
  • 10,201 View
  • 143 Download
  • 43 Web of Science
  • 45 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

To determine the role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we explored the clinical characteristics of patients with DM and compared risk factors such as age, glycemic control, and medications to those without DM.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 117 confirmed patients with COVID-19 which conducted at a tertiary hospital in Daegu, South Korea. The primary outcome was defined as the severe and critical outcome (SCO), of which the composite outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, intensive care unit care, and 28-day mortality. We analyzed what clinical features and glycemic control-related factors affect the prognosis of COVID-19 in the DM group.

Results

After exclusion, 110 participants were finally included. DM patients (n=29) was older, and showed higher blood pressure compared to non-DM patients. DM group showed higher levels of inflammation-related biomarkers and severity score, and highly progressed to SCO. After adjustment with other risk factors, DM increased the risk of SCO (odds ratio [OR], 10.771; P<0.001). Among the DM patients, SCO was more prevalent in elderly patients of ≥70 years old and age was an independent risk factor for SCO in patients with DM (OR, 1.175; P=0.014), while glycemic control was not. The use of medication did not affect the SCO, but the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors showed protective effects against acute cardiac injury (OR, 0.048; P=0.045).

Conclusion

The COVID-19 patients with DM had higher severity and resulted in SCO. Intensive and aggressive monitoring of COVID-19 clinical outcomes in DM group, especially in elderly patients is warranted.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Sabrina Schlesinger, Alexander Lang, Nikoletta Christodoulou, Philipp Linnerz, Kalliopi Pafili, Oliver Kuss, Christian Herder, Manuela Neuenschwander, Janett Barbaresko, Michael Roden
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  • Novel Glycemic Index Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Predict Poor Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Study
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    Journal of the American Heart Association.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners.2022; 34(9): 1090.     CrossRef
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    Seong Ho Kim, Ji Young Kim, Eun Song Kim, Il Rae Park, Eun Yeong Ha, Seung Min Chung, Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
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    Journal of Medical Virology.2021; 93(5): 3023.     CrossRef
  • Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia
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    Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2021; 15(3): 765.     CrossRef
  • Impact of diabetes mellitus on in-hospital mortality in adult patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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    Sabrina Schlesinger, Manuela Neuenschwander, Alexander Lang, Kalliopi Pafili, Oliver Kuss, Christian Herder, Michael Roden
    Diabetologia.2021; 64(7): 1480.     CrossRef
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    Valle Coronado-Vázquez, Maria del Valle Ramírez-Durán, Juan Gómez-Salgado, María Silvia Dorado-Rabaneda, Elena Benito-Alonso, Marina Holgado-Juan, Cristina Bronchalo-González
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  • Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg in patients aged younger than 65 and 65 years or older: Post hoc analysis of the AWARD‐11 trial
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    Journal of the American Heart Association.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 757.     CrossRef
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    SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Response: Acute Hyperglycemic Crises with Coronavirus Disease-19: Case Reports (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:349–53)
    Na-young Kim, Eunyeong Ha, Jun Sung Moon, Yong-Hoon Lee, Eun Young Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(3): 484.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • Letter: The Risk of Diabetes on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:405–13)
    So-Yeon Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 621.     CrossRef
  • Response: The Risk of Diabetes on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:405–13)
    Seung Min Chung, June Hong Ahn, Jun Sung Moon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 625.     CrossRef
  • The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea
    Mi Kyung Kim, Jae-Han Jeon, Sung-Woo Kim, Jun Sung Moon, Nan Hee Cho, Eugene Han, Ji Hong You, Ji Yeon Lee, Miri Hyun, Jae Seok Park, Yong Shik Kwon, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Ki Tae Kwon, Shin Yup Lee, Eon Ju Jeon, Jin-Woo Kim, Hyo-Lim Hong, Hyun Hee Kwon, Chi Yo
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  • Fasting Plasma Glucose Level Independently Predicts the Mortality of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study
    Min Cheol Chang, Jong-Moon Hwang, Jae-Han Jeon, Sang Gyu Kwak, Donghwi Park, Jun Sung Moon
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 595.     CrossRef
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    Jeong Hyun Park
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2020; 21(3): 116.     CrossRef
  • Management of Diabetes in Coronavirus Disease 2019: Prognosis and Practical Issues
    Hye Soon Kim
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2020; 21(3): 120.     CrossRef
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    Sun Joon Moon, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Sung-Rae Kim, Won-Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(5): 737.     CrossRef
  • Adverse impact of renin–angiotensin system blockade on the clinical course in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study
    Jeong-Hoon Lim, Jang-Hee Cho, Yena Jeon, Ji Hye Kim, Ga Young Lee, Soojee Jeon, Hee Won Noh, Yong-Hoon Lee, Jaehee Lee, Hyun-Ha Chang, Hee-Yeon Jung, Ji-Young Choi, Sun-Hee Park, Chan-Duck Kim, Yong-Lim Kim, Shin-Woo Kim
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  • Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Diabetes: The Epidemic and the Korean Diabetes Association Perspective
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    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(3): 372.     CrossRef
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    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2020; 166: 108303.     CrossRef
Epidemiology
The Changes of Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer over a 10-Year Period: Single Center Study
Choong Hee Kim, Jun Sung Moon, Seung Min Chung, Eun Jung Kong, Chul Hyun Park, Woo Sung Yoon, Tae Gon Kim, Woong Kim, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(4):308-319.   Published online April 27, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0076
  • 5,004 View
  • 66 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

This study aims to describe the trends in the severity and treatment modality of patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) at a single tertiary referral center in Korea over the last 10 years and compare the outcomes before and after the introduction of a multidisciplinary diabetic foot team.

Methods

In this retrospective observational study, electronic medical records of patients from years 2002 to 2015 at single tertiary referral center were reviewed. Based on the year of first admission, patients were assigned to a group either before or after the year 2012, the year the diabetes team launched.

Results

Of the 338 patients with DFU, 229 were first admitted until the year 2011 (group A), while 109 were first admitted since the year 2012 (group B). Mean age was higher in group B, and ulcer size was larger than those of group A. Whereas duration of diabetes was longer in group B, glycemic control was improved (mean glycosylated hemoglobin, 9.48% vs. 8.50%). The proportion of minor lower extremity amputation (LEA) was increased, but length of hospital stay was decreased (73.7±79.6 days vs. 39.8±36.9 days). As critical ischemic limb increased, the proportion of major LEA was not decreased.

Conclusion

Improved glycemic control, multidisciplinary strategies with prompt surgical treatment resulted in reduced length of hospital stay, but these measures did not reduce major LEAs. The increase in critical ischemic limb may have played a role in the unexpected outcome, and may suggest the need for increased vascular intervention strategies in DFU treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Life expectancy of patients with diabetic foot sepsis post-lower extremity amputation at a regional hospital in a South African setting. A retrospective cohort study
    Thoriso C. Mokoala, Vhusani Sididzha, Etsumang D. Molefe, Thifhelimbilu E. Luvhengo
    The Surgeon.2024; 22(2): e109.     CrossRef
  • Effect of a multidisciplinary team approach in patients with diabetic foot ulcers on major adverse limb events (MALEs): systematic review and meta-analysis for the development of the Italian guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome
    Marco Meloni, Laura Giurato, Luca Monge, Cesare Miranda, Alessia Scatena, Benedetta Ragghianti, Giovanni Antonio Silverii, Cristiana Vermigli, Alessandro De Cassai, Antonio Volpe, Rodolfo Tramonta, Gerardo Medea, Corrado Bordieri, Marco Falcone, Laura Ste
    Acta Diabetologica.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effect of Percutaneous Endovascular Angioplasty Combined with Negative Pressure Drainage on the “One-Stop” Treatment of Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcer
    Bo Dong, Xixu Wang, Wei Wang, Biao Hong, Jue Wang, Heng Wang, Yun Gu
    Annals of Vascular Surgery.2023; 92: 272.     CrossRef
  • A novel Canadian multidisciplinary acute care pathway for people hospitalised with a diabetic foot ulcer
    Abdelrahman Zamzam, Ann‐Marie McLaren, Emily Ram, Muzammil H. Syed, Sreenath Rave, Suzanne H. Lu, Mohammed Al‐Omran, Charles de Mestral
    International Wound Journal.2023; 20(8): 3331.     CrossRef
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    Timothy Choi, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Chau Tran, Krupali Bulsari, David Simmons
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    Medeniyet Medical Journal.2022; 37(2): 150.     CrossRef
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    Asad Ali Mughal, Syed Taha Abbas, Huma Asad, Muhammed Zubair, Nasir Ali Khan, Shehla Naseem, Muhammad Zaman Shaikh
    Pakistan BioMedical Journal.2022; : 03.     CrossRef
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    Jackson Musuuza, Bryn L. Sutherland, Suleyman Kurter, Prakash Balasubramanian, Christie M. Bartels, Meghan B. Brennan
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    Elisabetta Salutini, Enrico Brocco, Roberto Da Ros, Luca Monge, Luigi Uccioli, Roberto Anichini
    The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds.2020; 19(1): 34.     CrossRef
  • The effect of a multidisciplinary outpatient team approach on outcomes in diabetic foot care: a single center study
    Eline Huizing, Michiel A. Schreve, Willemijn Kortmann, Jan P. Bakker, Jean-Paul P. M. de Vries, Çağdaş Ünlü
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Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes between 2015 and 2016: Difference by Age and Body Mass Index
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Cheol Young Park, In Kyung Jeong, Hyun Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Sung Yoon, In Joo Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Sungrae Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(2):137-146.   Published online February 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.137
  • 5,355 View
  • 80 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

We evaluated the clinical characteristics of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed, drug-naive people with type 2 diabetes by analyzing nationwide cross-sectional data.

Methods

We collected the clinical data of 912 participants with newly diagnosed diabetes from 83 primary care clinics and hospitals nationwide from 2015 to 2016. The presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction was defined as a homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value ≥2.5 and fasting C-peptide levels <1.70 ng/mL, respectively.

Results

A total of 75.1% and 22.6% of participants had insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, respectively. The proportion of participants with insulin resistance but no β-cell dysfunction increased, and the proportion of participants with β-cell dysfunction but no insulin resistance decreased as body mass index (BMI) increased. People diagnosed with diabetes before 40 years of age had significantly higher HOMA-IR and BMI than those diagnosed over 65 years of age (HOMA-IR, 5.0 vs. 3.0; BMI, 28.7 kg/m2 vs. 25.1 kg/m2). However, the β-cell function indices were lower in people diagnosed before 40 years of age than in those diagnosed after 65 years of age (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function, 39.3 vs. 64.9; insulinogenic index, 10.3 vs. 18.7; disposition index, 0.15 vs. 0.25).

Conclusion

We observed that the main pathogenic mechanism of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance in participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In addition, young adults with diabetes are more likely to have higher insulin resistance with obesity and have higher insulin secretory defect with severe hyperglycemia in the early period of diabetes than older populations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A double‐blind, Randomized controlled trial on glucose‐lowering EFfects and safety of adding 0.25 or 0.5 mg lobeglitazone in type 2 diabetes patients with INadequate control on metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor therapy: REFIND study
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    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(5): 803.     CrossRef
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    Bo-Yeon Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Suk Kyeong Kim, Jung-Hyun Noh, Cheol-Young Park, Hyeong-Kyu Park, Kee-Ho Song, Jong Chul Won, Jae Myung Yu, Mi Young Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Soo Lim, Sung Wan Chun, In-Kyung Jeong, Choon Hee Chung, Seung Jin Han, Hee-Seok Kim, Ju-Y
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    Liyun Duan, De Jin, Xuedong An, Yuehong Zhang, Shenghui Zhao, Rongrong Zhou, Yingying Duan, Yuqing Zhang, Xinmin Liu, Fengmei Lian, Wen yi Kang
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    Dita Maria Virginia, Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih
    Asian Biomedicine.2021; 15(4): 161.     CrossRef
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    Jeong Mi Kim, Sang Soo Kim, Jong Ho Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Tae Nyun Kim, Soon Hee Lee, Chang Won Lee, Ja Young Park, Eun Sook Kim, Kwang Jae Lee, Young Sik Choi, Duk Kyu Kim, In Joo Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(1): 67.     CrossRef
  • Favorable Glycemic Control with Once-Daily Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart after Changing from Basal Insulin in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
    Han Na Jang, Ye Seul Yang, Seong Ok Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Bo Kyung Koo, Hye Seung Jung
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(4): 382.     CrossRef
  • Insulin Resistance versus β-Cell Failure: Is It Changing in Koreans?
    Mi-kyung Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(2): 128.     CrossRef
  • Response: Clinical Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes between 2015 and 2016: Difference by Age and Body Mass Index (Diabetes Metab J2018;42:137-46)
    Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Sungrae Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(3): 251.     CrossRef
  • Letter: Clinical Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes between 2015 and 2016: Difference by Age and Body Mass Index (Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:137-46)
    Ah Reum Khang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(3): 249.     CrossRef
Response
Response: Predicting Mortality of Critically Ill Patients by Blood Glucose Levels (Diabetes Metab J 2013;37:385-90)
Byung Sam Park, Ji Sung Yoon
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(1):81-82.   Published online February 19, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.1.81
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Original Article
Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass Is Associated with Development of Metabolic Syndrome
Byung Sam Park, Ji Sung Yoon
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(6):458-464.   Published online December 12, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.458
  • 5,629 View
  • 104 Download
  • 73 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Visceral adiposity is related to insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle plays a central role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal; however, little is known about the association between muscle mass and metabolic syndrome (MS). This study is to clarify the clinical role of skeletal muscle mass in development of MS.

Methods

A total of 1,042 subjects were enrolled. Subjects with prior MS and chronic diseases were excluded. After 24 months, development of MS was assessed using NCEP-ATP III criteria. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM; kg), body fat mass (BFM; kg), and visceral fat area (VFA; cm2) were obtained from bioelectrical analysis. Then, the following values were calculated as follows: percent of SMM (SMM%; %): SMM (kg)/weight (kg), skeletal muscle index (SMI; kg/m2): SMM (kg)/height (m2), skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR): SMM (kg)/BFM (kg), and skeletal muscle to visceral fat ratio (SVR; kg/cm2): SMM (kg)/VFA (cm2).

Results

Among 838 subjects, 88 (10.5%) were newly diagnosed with MS. Development of MS increased according to increasing quintiles of BMI, SMM, VFA, and SMI, but was negatively associated with SMM%, MFR, and SVR. VFA was positively associated with high waist circumference (WC), high blood pressure (BP), dysglycemia, and high triglyceride (TG). In contrast, MFR was negatively associated with high WC, high BP, dysglycemia, and high TG. SVR was negatively associated with all components of MS.

Conclusion

Relative SMM ratio to body composition, rather than absolute mass, may play a critical role in development of MS and could be used as a strong predictor.

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Review
Diabetogenic Effect of Statins: A Double-Edged Sword?
Ji Sung Yoon, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(6):415-422.   Published online December 12, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.415
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering agents, which have been demonstrated to significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, recent trials have reported that statins cause worsening of hyperglycemia and increase the risk of new-onset diabetes. The association between the diabetogenic effect of statins with intensive dose and accompanying major risk factors for diabetes has been demonstrated. However, statins do not appear to have a class effect on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic patients. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested to explain how statins cause β-cell insulin secretory dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance leading to incident diabetes. According to findings from an aggregate of large clinical trials, the benefits of statin treatment appear to outweigh the risk of new-onset diabetes. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to discontinue the use of statins for prevention of cardiovascular events because of its potential risk for development of incident diabetes. This review addresses the currently available evidence related to statin use and new-onset diabetes from a clinical perspective.

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Original Articles
Predicting Mortality of Critically Ill Patients by Blood Glucose Levels
Byung Sam Park, Ji Sung Yoon, Jun Sung Moon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(5):385-390.   Published online October 17, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.5.385
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The aim of this study is to observe the outcome of critically ill patients in relation to blood glucose level at admission and to determine the optimal range of blood glucose at admission predicting lower hospital mortality among critically ill patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of a total 1,224 subjects (males, 798; females, 426) admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2010. Blood glucose levels at admission were categorized into four groups (group 1, <100 mg/dL; group 2, 100 to 199 mg/dL; group 3, 200 to 299 mg/dL; and group 4, ≥300 mg/dL).

Results

Among 1,224 patients, 319 patients were already known diabetics, and 296 patients died in ICU. Five hundred fifty-seven subjects received insulin therapy, and 118 received oral hypoglycemic agents. The overall mortality rate was 24.2% (296 patients). The causes of death and mortality rates of diabetic patients were not different from nondiabetic subjects. The mortality curve showed J shape, and there were significant differences in mortality between the groups of blood glucose levels at admission. Group 2 had the lowest mortality rate (P<0.05).

Conclusion

These results suggest that serum glucose levels upon admission into ICU is associated with clinical outcomes in ICU patients. Blood glucose level between 100 and 199 mg/dL at the time of ICU admission could predict lower hospital mortality among critically ill patients.

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The Role of Skeletal Muscle in Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):278-285.   Published online August 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.4.278
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely correlated with abnormal accumulation of visceral fat, but the role of skeletal muscle remains unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of skeletal muscle in development of NAFLD.

Methods

Among 11,116 subjects (6,242 males), we examined the effects of skeletal muscle mass and visceral fat area (VFA, by bioelectric impedance analysis) on NAFLD using by the fatty liver index (FLI).

Results

Of the total subjects (9,565 total, 5,293 males) included, 1,848 were classified as having NALFD (FLI ≥60). Body mass index, lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), and metabolic syndrome were higher in males than females, but FLI showed no significant difference. The low FLI group showed the lowest VFA and highest skeletal muscle mass of all the groups. Skeletal muscle to visceral fat ratio (SVR) and skeletal muscle index had inverse correlations with FLI, when adjusted for age and gender. In multivariate regression analysis, SVR was negatively associated with FLI. Among SVR quartiles, the highest quartile showed very low risk of NAFLD when adjusted for age, gender, lipid profile, DM, HTN, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein from the lowest quartiles (odds ratio, 0.037; 95% confidence interval, 0.029 to 0.049).

Conclusion

Skeletal muscle mass was inversely associated with visceral fat area, and higher skeletal muscle mass may have a beneficial effect in preventing NAFLD. These results suggest that further studies are needed to ameliorate or slow the progression of sarcopenia.

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The Relationship between Metformin and Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Hyun Hee Chung, Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Hyoung Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(2):125-131.   Published online April 16, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.2.125
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Recently, several studies reported that the cancer incidence in type 2 diabetes patients is higher than in the general population. Although a number of risks are shared between cancer and diabetes patients, there have been few studies of its correlation. We evaluated the influences of several factors including low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), albuminuria and use of metformin on the risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We enrolled 1,320 patients with at least 5 years of follow-up and 73 patients were diagnosed with cancer during this period. The associations of the risk factors with cancer incidence were evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The subjects were placed into two subgroups based on metformin dosage (<1,000 mg/day, ≥1,000 mg/day) and we compared cancer incidence using analysis of covariance.

Results

LDL-C and albuminuria were not significantly correlated with cancer risk. In contrast, metformin showed a reverse correlation with cancer risk (P=0.006; relative risk, 0.574). In the metformin nonadministration group, smoking, male gender, and high triglyceride levels tended to be contributing factors without statistical significance. Cancer occurence was lower in the low dose metformin group (less than 1,000 mg/day) (P=0.00).

Conclusion

These results suggest that the administration of low dose metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes may be associated with a reduced risk of cancer.

Citations

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Diagnostic Accuracy of 64-Slice MDCT Coronary Angiography for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Ihn-Ho Cho, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(1):54-62.   Published online February 15, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.1.54
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

A 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is well known to be a useful noninvasive form of angiography for the general population, but not for certain patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy and usefulness of 64-slice MDCT coronary angiography for detecting coronary artery disease in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

A total of 240 patients were included, 74 of whom had type 2 diabetes (M:F=40:33; 41.8±9.5 years). We compared significant coronary stenosis (>50% luminal narrowing) in MDCT with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) by segment, artery, and patient. We also evaluated the influence of obesity and coronary calcium score on MDCT accuracy.

Results

Of the 4,064 coronary segments studied, 4,062 segments (T2DM=1,109) were assessed quantitatively by both MDCT and ICA, and 706 segments (T2DM=226) were detected as a significant lesion by ICA in all patients. Sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values for the presence of significant stenosis in T2DM were: by segment, 89.4%, 96.4%, 85.8%, and 97.4%, respectively; by artery (n=222), 95.1%, 92.9%, 94.4%, and 93.8%, respectively; by patients (n=74), 98.4%, 100.0%, 98.4%, and 90.0%, respectively. Regardless of presence of diabetes, there was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy. Obesity (≥25 kg/m2) and coronary calcium score did not also affect the diagnostic accuracy of MDCT.

Conclusion

The 64-slice MDCT coronary angiography was found to have similar diagnostic accuracy with ICA, regardless of diabetes. These results suggest MDCT may be helpful to reduce unnecessary invasive studies for patients with diabetes.

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Review
Understanding the Cardiovascular Effects of Incretin
Ji Sung Yoon, Hyoung Woo Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):437-443.   Published online October 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.437
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus, has several pathogenic mechanisms that are well established. However, the traditional hypoglycemic agents do not have proven positive effects on macrovascular disease. Novel therapeutic agents target the incretin pathway including the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. The glucose-regulatory actions of these agents function by increasing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon. They also act to increase weight loss not only by inhibiting gastric emptying, but also by reducing appetite. Although GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists have demonstrated beneficial effects on myocardium and vascular endothelium including coronary and peripheral mouse vessels, they also have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions. These agents also have positive effects on the lipid profile and blood pressure. Although these cardioprotective actions seem to be beyond the effects of glucose control and weight loss, they are mediated through GLP-1R- or GLP-1R-independent actions of cleaved GLP-1 (9-36). Larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to elucidate the clinical promise of these beneficial CVD effects.

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Original Articles
The Combination of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin as a Predictor for Type 2 Diabetes in Korean Adults.
Chan Hee Lee, Woo Jin Chang, Hyun Hee Chung, Hyun Jung Kim, Sang Hyun Park, Jun Sung Moon, Ji Eun Lee, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyung Ah Chun, Kyu Chang Won, Ihn Ho Cho, Hyoung Woo Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(4):306-314.   Published online August 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.306
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for detection of diabetes is difficult to perform in clinical settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a more practical detection test, combined fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as a predictor of diabetes mellitus (DM) in a Korean sample. METHODS: We examined 2,045 (M = 1,276, mean age = 47.8 +/- 9.0 yrs) medical check-up program participants between January 2002 to December 2003. FPG, HbA1c and a number of other biochemical tests were performed at baseline and four after years after initial screening. Patients who originally presented with diabetes were excluded. The characteristics of newly-diagnosed DM patients and non-diabetic patients were compared. RESULTS: The incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes was 1.6% (32/2,045) after four years of follow up. The subjects in the DM group were older, had higher levels of SBP, DBP, FPG, HbA1c, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, GGT and LDH (P < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, FPG (odds ratio [OR] 1.124) and HbA1c (OR 4.794) were significantly correlated with onset of diabetes (P < 0.05). The interaction parameter between FPG and HbA1c was more than 1.0, indicating that the two effects are synergistic. The predictive cut-off values of HbA1c and FPG were 5.35% (area under curve [AUC] = 0.944) and 102.5 mg/dL (AUC = 0.930), respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of HbA1c above 5.35% and FPG above 102.5 mg/dL predicted the onset of diabetes in a Korean sample. These results suggest that the combination of FPG and HbA1c may be useful for predicting progression to type 2 diabetes in east Asians.

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    Seyoung Kwon, Youngak Na
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    Soo Lim
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    Chan Hee Lee, Hyoung Woo Lee
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Relationship Between Serum Bilirubin Levels and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Jun Sung Moon, Woo Jin Chang, Chan Hee Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Kyung Ah Chun, Ji Sung Yoon, Ihn Ho Cho, Hyoung Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(4):338-345.   Published online August 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.4.338
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Lipid oxidation and formation of oxygen radicals have been identified to be the important factors of atherogenesis. Because bilirubin, a potent physiological antioxidant inhibits lipid oxidation, it is suggested that low serum concentrations of bilirubin is associated with atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between bilirubin levels and coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: The coronary calcium score (CCS) of 172 subjects (male 63, mean age 60.5 +/- 1.0) with type 2 diabetes were evaluated in Yeungnam University Hospital between January 2005 and February 2007. The subjects were divided into two groups with CCS 10 as the cut off. RESULTS: Higher CCS was significantly associated with lower bilirubin (P < 0.05), but after adjusted with age, no longer correlation were seen (P = 0.121). To determine the relationship between subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and bilirubin, the subjects with previous history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. In 138 subjects (male 54, mean age 58.4 +/- 1.1), higher CCS was significantly associated with lower levels of bilirubin. After adjusted with age, duration of diabetes, and history of hypertension, CCS was also inversely related with bilirubin (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that lower levels of bilirubin might be considered as a risk factor of coronary artery disease, especially in type 2 diabetics without cardiovascular disease.

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Clinical Significance of Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) without Albuminuria among Type 2 Diabetics.
Ji Eun Lee, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee, Ji Sung Yoon
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(3):252-258.   Published online June 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.252
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes is a predictor of development of clinical nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. But, it has been reported that reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may occur in some normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to identify whether decreased GFR without microalbuminuria is to predict diabetic vascular complications. METHODS: Between January 1998 and February 2001, 73 patients with type 2 diabetes who visited Yeungnam university medical center were divided into 5 groups according to initial GFR ranges: group 1 (GFR < 30 mL/min), group 2 (30 < or = GFR < 60 mL/min), group 3 (60 < or = GFR < 90 mL/min), group 4 (90 < or = GFR < 125 mL/min), group 5 (125 mL/min < or = GFR). They were examined for microvascular and macrovascular complications initially and after 4 years. RESULTS: Decreased GFR had a negative correlation with age (r = -0.472, P = 0.001). Decreased GFR without microalbuminuria had a significant correlation with development of diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.016) after 4 years. There were no significant correlation with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and macrovacular disease. But, our study showed that coronary artery disease had an increasing tendency with decreased GFR without statistical significance (P = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that reduced GFR, independent of albuminuria, may be an important predictor of diabetic nephropathy and coronary artery disease to some extent. So we recommend that not only the microalbuminuria, but also the decrease in GFR should be evaluated at the follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes.

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  • Screening and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy
    Ji Sung Yoon
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Review
Glucose Toxicity and Pancreatic Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.
Kyu Chang Won, Ji Sung Yoon
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(3):175-181.   Published online June 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.175
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The adverse effects of prolonged exposure of pancreatic islets to supraphysiologic glucose concentrations (i.e. glucose toxicity) is mediated at least in part by glucose oxidation and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can impair insulin gene expression and beta cell function. Multiple biochemical pathways and mechanisms of action for glucose toxicity have been suggested. These include glucose autoxidation, protein kinase C activation, methylglyoxal formation and glycation, hexosamine metabolism, sorbitol formation, and oxidative phosphorylation. There are many potential mechanisms whereby excess glucose metabolites traveling along these pathways might cause beta cell damage. However, all these pathways have in common the formation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess and over time, cause chronic oxidative stress, which in turn causes defective insulin gene expression and insulin secretion as well as increased apoptosis. The intracellular peroxide levels of the pancreatic islets (INS-1 cells, rat islets) by flow cytometry were increased in the high glucose media compared to 5.6 mM glucose media. The insulin, MafA, PDX-1 mRNA levels and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were decreased in high glucose media compared to 5.6 mM glucose media. The HO-1 seems to mediate the protective response of pancreatic islets against the oxidative stress that is due to high glucose conditions. Also, we observed decreased glutathione level, gamma-GCS expression and increased oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde level at leukocytes and mesothelial cells from patients with Korean Type 2 Diabetes (esp, poorly controlled patients). In conclusion, this pathophysiologic sequence sets the scene for considering antioxidant therapy as an adjunct in the management of diabetes, especially type 2 Diabetes.

Citations

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Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal